EVM
Stack
0x0064
0x0001
0xa905
Memory
volatile
Storage
persistent
Gas
PUSH1
ADD
SSTORE
CALL
opcodes
The Ethereum Virtual Machine
How the EVM executes bytecode: stack, memory, storage, gas metering, and the execution context.
Read more
EOA
tx
Contract
bytecode
storage
bal[addr]=100
{ }
emit Transfer(...)
Ethereum Smart Contracts
What smart contracts are, how they get deployed, how they execute, and why they make Ethereum programmable.
Read more
Private Key
secp256k1
Public Key
keccak
Address
signs
Tx Data
to, value...
ECDSA Sign
hash + sign
Signed Tx
(v, r, s)
Ethereum Wallets & Transaction Signing
How wallets derive keys, compute addresses, and sign transactions using ECDSA on the secp256k1 curve.
Read more
Wallet
RPC
Eth Node
Exec
Cons
mempool
Validator
your tx
Sending Transactions on Ethereum
Understanding the architecture behind every Ethereum transaction: from wallet to RPC provider to on-chain finality.
Read more
Account
nonce: 0
0
1
2
3
...
sequential
Account
nonce: 5
5
6
gap!
7
stuck
8
stuck
replacement
nonce:6
2 gwei
nonce:6
10 gwei
confirmed
7, 8 unblocked
Ethereum Nonces
How nonces enforce transaction ordering, prevent replay attacks, and what happens when gaps occur.
Read more
Service
goroutine A
goroutine B
goroutine C
Mutex
1 at a time
nonce
n++
RPC
Node
Multi-Node Failover
Node A
Node B
pin nonce locally
Account Pool
Wallet 0
Wallet 1
Wallet 2
N parallel streams
Nonce Management Patterns
Production patterns for avoiding "nonce too low": mutex serialization, multi-node pinning, account pools, and queue-based architectures.
Read more
Order Book
bids
asks
spread
matching engine
vs
AMM
Token X
1,000
Token Y
2,000k
x * y = k
Market Microstructure
How markets work at the mechanical level: order books vs AMMs, liquidity, price discovery, and how Ethereum DEXs implement these mechanics on-chain.
Read more
Bids
$1,998 5.2
$1,997 3.8
$1,996 2.1
$3
spread
Asks
$2,001 4.5
$2,002 6.1
$2,003 2.7
AMM implicit spread
buy
sell
The Bid-Ask Spread
The gap between buy and sell prices: why it exists, how AMMs create an implicit spread, and how to measure it across DeFi pools.
Read more
price
time
expected
actual
submit
execute
slip
frontrun
your tx
backrun
Slippage
Why you never get the quoted price: price impact, AMM curve mechanics, slippage protection, and how MEV sandwich attacks exploit your tolerance.
Read more
Layered Defense
User Settings
tolerance · limits · deadline
Execution
TWAP · order splitting
Routing
1inch · CoW · ParaSwap
MEV Protection
private mempools · OFAs
Protocol Design
concentrated liq · intents
↓ deeper protection ↓
Slippage Protection
How traders and protocols defend against execution risk: tolerance settings, TWAP, DEX aggregators, MEV protection, intent-based trading, and protocol design.
Read more
V2
x · y = k
V3
price
LP range
ETH → USDC
0.3% fee
Flash Swap
borrow + repay
Understanding Uniswap
How Uniswap works from the constant product formula to concentrated liquidity, fee tiers, multi-hop routing, and flash swaps.
Read more
API
/v1/users
/v2/users
/v3/users
...
v1.0
v2.0
v3.0
+endpoints
breaking
changes
deprecations
& removals
empirical
study
What about Web API versioning?
Insights from a large-scale empirical study on Web APIs versioning practices and patterns observed in real-world implementations.
Read more
API
v1.0
v1.1
v2.0
Changes
added
modified
removed
deprecated
Web API Change Visualizations
Interactively exploring API changes and their consistency with versioning in evolving APIs through interactive sunburst visualizations.
Read more
Server
rate: 100/min
window: 60s
req 1
req 2
req 3
req N
429
Response Headers
X-RateLimit-Limit: 100
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 42
Retry-After: 30
API Rate Limit Adoption
A comprehensive pattern collection exploring prevailing patterns for Rate Limit adoption and their real-world applications.
Read more
df1
df2
concat
result
O(n+m)
In a loop?
for i in range(k):
df = concat(
[df, new])
O(k²)
quadratic!
avoid this
Understanding DataFrame Concatenation
Why You Should Avoid Using DataFrame Concatenation Inside Loops or Recursion? Performance insights and best practices.
Read more